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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Müller-Matrix</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Die <b>Müller-Matrix</b> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {M} }">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {M} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d1ec92b986053ec4967f418634cf062b9d980f9a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.131ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {M} }" loading="lazy"></span> (nach <a href="Hans_M%C3%BCller_(Physiker)" title="Hans Müller (Physiker)">Hans Müller</a>, der sie 1943 einführte<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) ist eine <a href="Transformationsmatrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformationsmatrix">Transformationsmatrix</a> für den <a href="Stokes-Vektor" class="mw-redirect" title="Stokes-Vektor">Stokes-Vektor</a>, der den <a href="Polarisation" title="Polarisation">Polarisationszustand</a> einer <a href="Elektromagnetische_Welle" title="Elektromagnetische Welle">elektromagnetischen Welle</a> (u.&nbsp;a. sichtbares <a href="Licht" title="Licht">Licht</a>) beschreibt. Sie charakterisiert das <a href="Optik#Optische_Bauelemente" title="Optik">optische Element</a> bezüglich der Wechselwirkung mit der Welle, beispielsweise wird der Polarisationzustand bei der <a href="Reflexion_(Physik)" title="Reflexion (Physik)">Reflexion</a> an einer <a href="Grenzfl%C3%A4che" title="Grenzfläche">Grenzfläche</a> oder bei der <a href="Transmission_(Physik)" title="Transmission (Physik)">Transmission</a> durch einen Körper beeinflusst.
</p><p>Analog zum <a href="Jones-Formalismus" title="Jones-Formalismus">Jones-Formalismus</a> aus Jones-Vektor und Jones-Matrix für vollständig polarisierte Wellen bilden Stokes-Vektor und Müller-Matrix den Müller-Formalismus.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beschreibung">Beschreibung</h2></div>
<p>Die Müller-Matrix ist eine 4×4-<a href="Matrix_(Mathematik)" title="Matrix (Mathematik)">Matrix</a>. Sie beschreibt die Änderung der <a href="Intensit%C3%A4t_(Physik)" title="Intensität (Physik)">Intensität</a> und des Polarisationszustandes von teilweise und vollständig polarisiertem sowie unpolarisiertem Licht (beschrieben durch den Stokes-Vektor) bei der Reflexion, <a href="Brechung_(Physik)" title="Brechung (Physik)">Brechung</a> oder Transmission durch ein Material.
</p><p>Um die Änderungen des Polarisationszustandes zu beschreiben, wird der Stokes-Vektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {S}}_{\mathrm {A} }}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {S}}_{\mathrm {A} }}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6b658df694136104a18a2baf25ed5dea4d17a7be.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.003ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {S}}_{\mathrm {A} }}" loading="lazy"></span> des einfallenden Lichts mit der Müller-Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {M} }">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {M} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d1ec92b986053ec4967f418634cf062b9d980f9a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.131ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {M} }" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Matrizenmultiplikation" title="Matrizenmultiplikation">multipliziert</a>. Ergebnis ist wiederum ein Stokes-Vektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {S}}_{\mathrm {B} }}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {S}}_{\mathrm {B} }}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8d1d46aa08e4aab65a649e2853cf7926ea3aef9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.934ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {S}}_{\mathrm {B} }}" loading="lazy"></span>, der je nach Wahl der Müller-Matrix das reflektierte oder transmittierte Licht beschreibt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {S}}_{\mathrm {B} }=\mathrm {M} \cdot {\vec {S}}_{\mathrm {A} }}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {S}}_{\mathrm {B} }=\mathrm {M} \cdot {\vec {S}}_{\mathrm {A} }}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0dac20ac07d9908c0f0c4582574a7973acc37ef8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.846ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {S}}_{\mathrm {B} }=\mathrm {M} \cdot {\vec {S}}_{\mathrm {A} }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Ein typischer Anwendungsbereich ist die Beschreibung von optischen Bauelementen in der optischen <a href="Messtechnik" title="Messtechnik">Messtechnik</a>, beispielsweise der <a href="Ellipsometrie" title="Ellipsometrie">Ellipsometrie</a>. Dabei werden in der Regel mehrere optische Bauelemente wie <a href="Polarisator" title="Polarisator">Polarisatoren</a>, <a href="Verz%C3%B6gerungsplatte" title="Verzögerungsplatte">Verzögerungsglieder</a> oder <a href="Kompensator_(Vermessungstechnik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kompensator (Vermessungstechnik)">Kompensatoren</a> sowie eine Probe verwendet. Dieses <a href="Optisches_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Optisches System">optische System</a> kann durch schrittweise Multiplikation des Stokes-Vektors des einfallenden Lichts mit den Müller-Matrizen der jeweiligen Bauelemente berechnet werden:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {S}}_{\mathrm {B} }={\bigg (}\mathrm {M} _{3}{\Big (}\mathrm {M} _{2}{\big (}\mathrm {M} _{1}\cdot {\vec {S}}_{\mathrm {A} }{\big )}{\Big )}{\bigg )}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {S}}_{\mathrm {B} }={\bigg (}\mathrm {M} _{3}{\Big (}\mathrm {M} _{2}{\big (}\mathrm {M} _{1}\cdot {\vec {S}}_{\mathrm {A} }{\big )}{\Big )}{\bigg )}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/17553bb0f408f1a57c996438eb4e066f313bef3f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:28.597ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {S}}_{\mathrm {B} }={\bigg (}\mathrm {M} _{3}{\Big (}\mathrm {M} _{2}{\big (}\mathrm {M} _{1}\cdot {\vec {S}}_{\mathrm {A} }{\big )}{\Big )}{\bigg )}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Da die <a href="Matrizenmultiplikation" title="Matrizenmultiplikation">Matrizenmultiplikation</a> <a href="Assoziativgesetz" title="Assoziativgesetz">assoziativ</a> ist, kann das System auch wie folgt beschrieben werden:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Leftrightarrow {\vec {S}}_{\mathrm {B} }=\mathrm {M} _{3}\mathrm {M} _{2}\mathrm {M} _{1}{\vec {S}}_{\mathrm {A} }}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Leftrightarrow {\vec {S}}_{\mathrm {B} }=\mathrm {M} _{3}\mathrm {M} _{2}\mathrm {M} _{1}{\vec {S}}_{\mathrm {A} }}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/28c9ceb2e01975eb80f0f1151f807ef1740ce6b3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:21.561ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Leftrightarrow {\vec {S}}_{\mathrm {B} }=\mathrm {M} _{3}\mathrm {M} _{2}\mathrm {M} _{1}{\vec {S}}_{\mathrm {A} }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<table class="wikitable centered" style="text-align:center">
<caption>Beispiele für ideale optische Bauelemente
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="4" class="hintergrundfarbe6">Linear-Polarisator
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th>Für horizontale Transmission
</th>
<th>Für vertikale Transmission
</th>
<th>+45°; Transmission
</th>
<th>−45°; Transmission
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {1 \over 2}{\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;1&amp;0&amp;0\\1&amp;1&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;0\end{pmatrix}}\quad }">
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mo>)</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {1 \over 2}{\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;1&amp;0&amp;0\\1&amp;1&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;0\end{pmatrix}}\quad }</annotation>
</semantics>
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<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {1 \over 2}{\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;-1&amp;0&amp;0\\-1&amp;1&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;0\end{pmatrix}}\quad }">
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<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {1 \over 2}{\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;0&amp;1&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;0\\1&amp;0&amp;1&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;0\end{pmatrix}}\quad }">
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<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {1 \over 2}{\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;0&amp;-1&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;0\\-1&amp;0&amp;1&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;0\end{pmatrix}}\quad }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {1 \over 2}{\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;0&amp;-1&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;0\\-1&amp;0&amp;1&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;0\end{pmatrix}}\quad }</annotation>
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<tr>
<th colspan="4" class="hintergrundfarbe6">Verzögerungsplatte
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th>λ/4 (<span lang="en">fast-axis</span>; vertikal)
</th>
<th>λ/4 (<span lang="en">fast-axis</span>; horizontal)
</th>
<th>λ/2 (<span lang="en">fast-axis</span>; vertikal)
</th>
<th>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;0&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;1&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;-1\\0&amp;0&amp;1&amp;0\end{pmatrix}}\quad }">
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<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;0&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;1&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;-1\\0&amp;0&amp;1&amp;0\end{pmatrix}}\quad }</annotation>
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</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;0&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;1&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;1\\0&amp;0&amp;-1&amp;0\end{pmatrix}}\quad }">
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<mtd>
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<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
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<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
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<mo>)</mo>
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<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;0&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;1&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;1\\0&amp;0&amp;-1&amp;0\end{pmatrix}}\quad }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9deb572cdf0ec711858700e1f6fabe103c1b8ae2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.671ex; width:20.567ex; height:12.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;0&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;1&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;1\\0&amp;0&amp;-1&amp;0\end{pmatrix}}\quad }" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;0&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;1&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;-1&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;-1\end{pmatrix}}\quad }">
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<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
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<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
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<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
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<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
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<mo>)</mo>
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</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;0&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;1&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;-1&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;-1\end{pmatrix}}\quad }</annotation>
</semantics>
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</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="4" class="hintergrundfarbe6">Andere
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th>Abschwächungsfilter (25%ige Transmission)
</th>
<th>
</th>
<th>
</th>
<th>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {1 \over 4}{\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;0&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;1&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;1&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;1\end{pmatrix}}\quad }">
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<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
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<mn>0</mn>
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<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
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<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
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<mn>0</mn>
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<mo>)</mo>
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<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {1 \over 4}{\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;0&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;1&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;1&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;1\end{pmatrix}}\quad }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/98cc620a2ae511a91a77730f340f9fe6a29d8ceb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.671ex; width:20.757ex; height:12.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {1 \over 4}{\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;0&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;1&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;1&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;1\end{pmatrix}}\quad }" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Bass Michael, Decusatis Casimer, Enoch Jay: <cite style="font-style:italic">Handbook of Optics, Volume I: Geometrical and Physical Optics, Polarized Light, Components and Instruments</cite>. 3. Auflage. Mcgraw-Hill Professional, 2009, ISBN 978-0-07-149889-0.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:M%C3%BCller-Matrix&amp;rft.au=Bass+Michael%2C+Decusatis+Casimer%2C+Enoch+Jay&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Optics%2C+Volume+I%3A+Geometrical+and+Physical+Optics%2C+Polarized+Light%2C+Components+and+Instruments&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.edition=3&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780071498890&amp;rft.pub=Mcgraw-Hill+Professional" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li>Edward Collett: <i>Field Guide to Polarization.</i> In: <i>SPIE Field Guides.</i> FG05, SPIE, 2005, ISBN 0-8194-5868-6.</li>
<li><a href="Eugene_Hecht" title="Eugene Hecht">Eugene Hecht</a>: <i>Optics.</i> 2nd ed. Addison-Wesley, 1987, ISBN 0-201-11609-X.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Müller: <cite style="font-style:italic">Memorandum on the polarization optics of the photo-elastic Shutter</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Report Number 2 of the OSRD Project OEMsr-576</cite>. 1943.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:M%C3%BCller-Matrix&amp;rft.atitle=Memorandum+on+the+polarization+optics+of+the+photo-elastic+Shutter&amp;rft.au=Hans+M%C3%BCller&amp;rft.btitle=Report+Number+2+of+the+OSRD+Project+OEMsr-576&amp;rft.date=1943&amp;rft.genre=book" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
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Normdaten&nbsp;(Sachbegriff): <a href="Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1133022987">1133022987</a></span> </div>
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